Peter Middleton’s “A Medical Discourse, or An Historical Inquiry into the Ancient and Present State of Medicine” was delivered in 1769 during the opening of the medical school in New York City. As a professor of the theory of physic at King’s College, Middleton aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of medical practice, tracing its evolution from ancient civilizations to contemporary times. His discourse serves as both an educational tool for students and a reflective piece on the state of medicine in the 18th century.

Middleton begins by examining the origins of medicine in ancient cultures, highlighting the contributions of Greek and Roman physicians. He emphasizes the importance of empirical observation and the systematic study of the human body, which laid the foundation for medical knowledge. The discourse also delves into the medical practices of other civilizations, acknowledging their unique approaches and the exchange of knowledge across cultures. Middleton’s analysis underscores the progression of medical thought and the accumulation of knowledge over centuries.

Transitioning to the present state of medicine in the 18th century, Middleton critiques the prevailing medical theories and practices of his time. He addresses the reliance on traditional methods and the resistance to new ideas, advocating for a more scientific approach to medical education and practice. His discourse reflects the Enlightenment ideals of reason and progress, calling for reforms in medical training and the adoption of evidence-based practices. Middleton’s insights highlight the challenges faced by the medical community in embracing innovation while respecting established traditions.

Middleton’s work offers a historical perspective on the development of medicine, illustrating its journey from ancient practices to the emerging scientific approaches of the 18th century. His discourse not only serves as an academic resource but also as a testament to the evolving nature of medical knowledge. By reflecting on the past and present, Middleton encourages future medical professionals to continue the pursuit of knowledge and improvement in the field of medicine.