The Medical Profession in Ancient Times by John Watson, delivered as an anniversary discourse before the New York Academy of Medicine on November 7, 1855, offers a comprehensive examination of the evolution of medicine from its earliest practices to the more structured approaches of antiquity. Watson’s work delves into the origins of medical practice, tracing its roots from primitive healing methods to the establishment of medicine as a recognized profession in ancient civilizations.​

In the earliest periods, healing was intertwined with religious and spiritual beliefs, with shamans and priests serving as the primary healers. These early practitioners relied on rituals, incantations, and herbal remedies, often attributing illnesses to supernatural forces. As societies advanced, particularly in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, medicine began to emerge as a distinct discipline. In Egypt, medical knowledge was documented in texts like the Ebers and Edwin Smith papyri, which detailed surgical procedures and treatments for various ailments. Greek medicine, influenced by figures such as Hippocrates, introduced systematic observation and the theory of the four humors, laying the groundwork for clinical practices.​

Watson also explores the role of medical institutions in ancient times, highlighting the significance of schools and libraries in preserving and disseminating medical knowledge. These institutions not only educated physicians but also served as centers for research and the development of medical ethics. The establishment of such institutions marked a pivotal shift from individual practitioners to a more organized and institutionalized approach to medicine.​

The discourse concludes by reflecting on the progression of the medical profession, emphasizing the transition from mystical and empirical practices to a more scientific and ethical framework. Watson’s work underscores the importance of understanding the historical context of medicine to appreciate its current practices and to inform future developments in the field.