The Language of Flowers; or Flora Symbolica, authored by John Ingram and first published in 1887, is a comprehensive guide to the Victorian-era tradition of floriography—the art of assigning symbolic meanings to flowers. This book serves as both a botanical reference and a cultural artifact, reflecting the societal norms and romantic ideals of the 19th century. Ingram’s work is notable for its detailed entries on various plants, each accompanied by a brief description and its associated symbolism. The book is richly illustrated, featuring original color prints by Terry, which enhance the reader’s understanding of each flower’s appearance and its emotional connotations.

The structure of the book is methodical, beginning with an alphabetical listing of flowers and their meanings. This is followed by a “Vocabulary” section, which allows readers to look up a specific sentiment or virtue and find the corresponding flower. This dual approach enables the creation of bouquets that convey complex messages, a practice that was particularly popular during the Victorian era. The inclusion of floral poetry, both original and selected, further enriches the text, offering literary expressions that complement the symbolic meanings of the flowers. These poems provide insight into how flowers were perceived not only as natural entities but also as carriers of deep emotional significance.

Ingram’s Flora Symbolica reflects the Victorian fascination with subtle communication and the cultivation of refined sensibilities. During this period, societal norms often restricted open expressions of emotion, leading individuals to seek alternative means of conveying their feelings. Flowers became a medium through which sentiments of love, friendship, and even sorrow could be expressed indirectly. The book’s detailed entries and accompanying illustrations serve as a guide for readers to navigate this complex system, offering a glimpse into the intricate social codes of the time.

While the tradition of floriography has largely faded from contemporary practice, The Language of Flowers; or Flora Symbolica remains a valuable resource for understanding the cultural and emotional landscape of the 19th century. Its blend of botanical information, symbolic interpretation, and artistic illustration provides a multifaceted view of how flowers were intertwined with human emotions and social interactions. For those interested in the history of symbolic communication or the cultural practices of the Victorian era, Ingram’s work offers a rich and insightful exploration.