“Roman Natural History and Science, and Roman Medicine” by J.F. Payne offers a comprehensive exploration of the natural sciences and medical practices in ancient Rome. The book delves into how the Romans engaged with the natural world, categorizing plants, animals, and minerals, and how they applied this knowledge to various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and engineering. Drawing heavily from Pliny the Elder’s “Natural History,” Payne examines the Roman approach to understanding nature, which was deeply intertwined with their daily lives and societal structures.

In the realm of medicine, the Romans exhibited a blend of empirical observation and spiritual beliefs. They utilized a wide array of herbal remedies, many of which are still recognized for their medicinal properties today. For instance, fennel was used for digestive issues, while rosemary was believed to enhance memory and alleviate muscle pain. These practices were often documented in detailed pharmacopeias, reflecting a sophisticated understanding of natural treatments. However, Roman medicine was not solely based on empirical knowledge; it was also influenced by religious and magical beliefs. Temples dedicated to healing deities like Aesculapius served as centers for both spiritual and physical healing, where rituals and prayers were integral components of treatment.

The book also highlights the Romans’ advancements in public health and infrastructure. They constructed aqueducts to supply clean water, built public baths to promote hygiene, and developed sewage systems to manage waste. These innovations not only improved the quality of life but also demonstrated the Romans’ understanding of the importance of sanitation in disease prevention. Additionally, the establishment of hospitals, initially designed to care for soldiers and veterans, marked a significant development in medical care, providing a model for future healthcare institutions.

Payne’s work underscores the Romans’ holistic approach to science and medicine, where practical knowledge was often intertwined with spiritual and cultural beliefs. This integration of empirical observation with religious practices reflects the complexity of Roman society and its approach to understanding and interacting with the natural world. Through this examination, the book provides valuable insights into how ancient civilizations laid the groundwork for modern scientific and medical practices, emphasizing the enduring legacy of Roman contributions to these fields.