​The Ebers Papyrus, dating back to approximately 1550 BCE, stands as one of the oldest and most comprehensive medical texts from ancient Egypt. Named after the German Egyptologist Georg Ebers, who acquired it in 1872, this 20-meter-long scroll is currently housed in the University Library of Leipzig, Germany. It is written in hieratic script and is believed to be a compilation of earlier medical knowledge, reflecting the advanced understanding of health and healing in ancient Egyptian society.​

The papyrus encompasses a vast array of medical topics, including over 700 remedies and magical incantations. These treatments address various ailments such as asthma, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, and skin diseases. Notably, it contains a “treatise on the heart,” which describes the heart as the central organ of the body, responsible for circulating blood through vessels connected to every part of the body. This insight predates similar discoveries in Western medicine by millennia. The Ebers Papyrus also delves into mental health, detailing conditions like depression and dementia, and suggests that Egyptians viewed mental and physical health as interconnected.​

Beyond physical ailments, the Ebers Papyrus offers insights into ancient Egyptian practices concerning contraception, pregnancy, and gynecology. It describes methods for preventing conception, diagnosing pregnancy, and managing childbirth. Additionally, the text provides remedies for dental issues, eye infections, and burns, showcasing a holistic approach to health that combined empirical knowledge with spiritual beliefs.​

The Ebers Papyrus serves as a testament to the advanced medical knowledge of ancient Egyptians. Its blend of empirical observations and magical practices reflects a society deeply engaged with understanding and treating the human body. The text not only offers a glimpse into the medical practices of the time but also underscores the enduring legacy of ancient Egyptian contributions to the field of medicine.​