”An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita” by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna is a seminal work that brings to light one of the most ancient and comprehensive texts in the history of medicine and surgery. Originally written in Sanskrit, this translation, first published in the early 20th century, offers a detailed account of Ayurvedic practices as documented by the sage Sushruta. The text is divided into several sections, each focusing on different aspects of medical science, including anatomy, surgical techniques, pharmacology, and preventive healthcare.
One of the most notable contributions of the Sushruta Samhita is its systematic approach to surgery. Sushruta is often hailed as the ‘father of surgery’ for his detailed descriptions of surgical procedures and instruments. The text outlines eight primary surgical operations: excision, incision, scraping, puncturing, exploration, extraction, evacuation, and suturing. These procedures are accompanied by descriptions of over 300 surgical instruments, showcasing the advanced understanding of surgical techniques in ancient India. Particularly remarkable is the detailed account of rhinoplasty, or nose reconstruction, which is considered one of the earliest descriptions of plastic surgery in medical literature.
Beyond surgery, the Sushruta Samhita delves into various other facets of medicine. It provides comprehensive information on the human body, including the enumeration of bones, joints, and vital points (marmas), which are crucial for understanding trauma and injury. The text also covers a wide range of diseases and their treatments, from common ailments to complex conditions, reflecting a holistic approach to health. Additionally, it discusses the use of medicinal herbs, detailing over 700 plants and their therapeutic properties, which underscores the integration of herbal medicine into Ayurvedic practice.
The translation by Bhishagratna is not merely a linguistic conversion but an insightful interpretation that includes a comprehensive introduction, notes, comparative views, and an index. This scholarly work has been instrumental in preserving and disseminating the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda to the modern world. It serves as a bridge connecting the rich medical heritage of ancient India with contemporary medical knowledge, offering valuable insights into the evolution of medical practices. For those interested in the history of medicine, the Sushruta Samhita stands as a testament to the advanced medical understanding of ancient civilizations and continues to inspire medical professionals and scholars alike.