Erbario is a remarkable 15th-century herbal manuscript that offers a vivid glimpse into the botanical and medicinal knowledge of medieval and early Renaissance Italy. Likely originating from the Veneto region, this manuscript comprises approximately 100 folios adorned with around 180 illustrations of plants. These illustrations are presented in three distinct artistic styles, reflecting the evolving approach to botanical representation during this period. The first group features highly stylized images, often incorporating fantastical elements such as anthropomorphic roots and plants with human faces, adhering to medieval artistic conventions. The second group presents ink outline drawings, which are rougher in execution but show a shift toward more naturalistic depictions. The third group consists of highly naturalistic, colored illustrations that focus on detailed representations of plants, including their roots, leaves, flowers, and fruit, reflecting the growing Renaissance interest in careful observation and the natural sciences.

Accompanying these illustrations are annotations that discuss the medicinal properties and preparation methods for the plants. These notes, written in Italian and occasionally in Latin, indicate that the manuscript was likely created in the Veneto region. The annotations are seamlessly integrated into the illustrations, demonstrating the manuscript’s use as a practical and working text. The manuscript embodies a fascinating blend of artistic traditions, scientific inquiry, and cultural influences. Its combination of medieval conventions, emerging naturalistic styles, and bilingual annotations reflects a transitional period in botanical study, bridging the medieval and Renaissance eras.

The manuscript’s structure and content suggest that it was a practical reference for herbalists and physicians of the time. The detailed illustrations and accompanying medicinal notes would have served as a guide for identifying plants and preparing remedies. The integration of various artistic styles within the manuscript may also reflect the collaborative efforts of multiple artists and scholars over time, each contributing to the manuscript’s development. The presence of both Italian and Latin annotations further suggests that the manuscript was intended for a diverse audience, encompassing both local practitioners and scholars.

Erbario stands as a testament to the rich botanical and medicinal knowledge of 15th-century Italy. Its detailed illustrations and comprehensive annotations provide valuable insights into the plants and remedies utilized during this period. The manuscript’s evolution, as evidenced by the varying artistic styles and annotations, underscores the dynamic nature of botanical study and the exchange of knowledge during the transition from the medieval to the Renaissance era. Erbario not only serves as a historical document but also as a bridge connecting the past to the present, offering a glimpse into the practices and beliefs that shaped early modern medicine.