​”The Medical Profession in Ancient Times” by John Watson offers a comprehensive exploration of early medical practices across various civilizations, presented as a discourse to the New York Academy of Medicine in 1855. Watson delves into the evolution of medicine, highlighting the transition from mystical and religious interpretations of disease to more empirical approaches grounded in observation and experience. He examines the roles of early medical practitioners, the development of medical knowledge, and the societal status of healers in ancient cultures.​

The work begins with an analysis of ancient Egyptian medicine, emphasizing the integration of medical and religious practices. Watson discusses the Ebers Papyrus, a significant medical text from around 1550 BCE, which contains numerous prescriptions and reflects the advanced understanding of anatomy and disease in ancient Egypt. He also explores the contributions of Greek and Roman physicians, such as Hippocrates and Galen, who laid the foundations for clinical medicine and the scientific study of diseases. Their emphasis on observation, diagnosis, and treatment marked a shift towards a more systematic approach to healthcare.​

Further, Watson examines the medical traditions of other ancient civilizations, including those of India and China. He highlights the Ayurvedic system of medicine, which dates back to the Vedic period and focuses on holistic healing through balance and natural remedies. In China, Watson notes the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, which incorporates herbal treatments, acupuncture, and a deep understanding of the body’s energy systems.​

Throughout the discourse, Watson reflects on the social status of medical practitioners in ancient times. He notes that while some healers were revered and held in high esteem, others faced skepticism and marginalization. The status of medical professionals often depended on their affiliation with religious institutions, their adherence to established medical doctrines, and their ability to demonstrate efficacy in treatment. Watson concludes by acknowledging the enduring legacy of ancient medical practices and their influence on modern medicine, underscoring the importance of historical knowledge in understanding the development of healthcare systems.